India Satcom Rollout Nears as TRAI Finalizes Spectrum Pricing

India is poised to greenlight commercial satellite communication services once TRAI issues final pricing for satellite spectrum use and associated charges.

Government Signals at India Mobile Congress

The communications minister indicated the policy and licensing groundwork for satellite broadband is largely complete, with two GMPCS licenses issued and one additional letter of intent granted. The final trigger is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India’s decision on spectrum pricing and usage fees for satcom bands. After that, operators can commence rollouts—initially for enterprise and backhaul, then for consumer broadband in selected markets.

Early Satcom Launch Contenders in India

Bharti-backed Eutelsat OneWeb and Reliance Jio’s satellite unit are positioned to move early, with constellation capacity and gateways progressing. A third global LEO provider has a letter of intent and awaits the last-mile clearances to commercialize services. Amazon’s Project Kuiper has signaled interest but is at an earlier stage locally. Expect aviation, maritime, government networks, and remote enterprise locations to be first in line, with consumer-grade offers following as device availability, pricing, and distribution mature.

Why Satcom Matters for Indian Operators and Enterprises

Satcom will plug hard coverage gaps, add resiliency to 5G networks, and open new revenue pools across mobility and mission-critical use cases.

Bridging Coverage Gaps and Unlocking New Use Cases

Even with aggressive fiber and 4G/5G buildouts, India’s terrain and economics leave pockets where terrestrial coverage is uneconomic or fragile. LEO and GEO capacity can complement mobile networks for rural backhaul, disaster recovery, and rapid site turn-up. Sectors like mining, energy, logistics, media, and public safety can deploy satcom for primary connectivity, SD-WAN path diversity, and temporary sites. In aviation and maritime, upgraded IFMC services are set to improve bandwidth and consistency.

NTN Integration and the Road to Direct-to-Device

3GPP Releases 17 and 18 define non-terrestrial networks that integrate satellites with 5G cores and radios. In the near term, operators will use satcom for backhaul and enterprise services integrated with their 5G cores, policy, and billing. Over the medium term, device and chipset ecosystems will enable limited direct-to-device messaging and IoT, with broader broadband-grade D2D still several years away. Early trials will shape spectrum plans, handset support, and roaming-like commercial models between mobile operators and constellation providers.

TRAI Satcom Pricing and Policy Decisions to Finalize

TRAI’s framework must balance investment incentives with affordable service, while avoiding interference and ensuring efficient spectrum reuse.

Administrative Assignment and Spectrum Fee Structure

India has moved toward administrative assignment for satellite spectrum to enable sharing across GSO/NGSO systems and multiple gateway locations. Within that model, TRAI now needs to finalize a transparent fee structure: band-specific pricing (e.g., Ku/Ka), satellite usage charges, and rules for spectrum sharing and coordination. Clear treatment of gateways, landing rights, and cross-border traffic is critical to minimize friction and accelerate deployment.

Balancing Affordability with Sustainable Investment

The recent mobile spectrum auction saw muted demand after heavy 5G spending, underscoring capital discipline across the sector. For satcom, pricing must avoid creating a cost barrier that slows adoption in rural backhaul and enterprise networks, while ensuring government recovers fair value. Clarity on lawful interception, security vetting, gateway siting, and equipment approval timelines will be as important as the per-MHz fees. A glide path that starts modestly and scales with utilization could catalyze investments without burdening end-user pricing.

Market Context: Competitive Economics and BSNL’s Satcom Role

India’s telecom market remains price-competitive with tight operator balance sheets, making partnership-led satcom economics the likely launch path.

Low Tariffs, Partnership Models, and Go-to-Market

India serves over a billion mobile connections with some of the world’s lowest data tariffs. That drives volume but compresses returns, making capital-heavy bets harder to underwrite. Expect satcom to launch through wholesale and co-branded models—operators bundling enterprise-grade satellite links into SD-WAN and managed services, and consumer offers introduced selectively where ARPU supports it. Mobility and government will anchor early demand.

BSNL’s Turnaround and Satcom Integration Opportunity

BSNL has assumed MTNL’s operations in Delhi and Mumbai and is expanding coverage while improving operating metrics. Elevated capex and depreciation are still weighing on net profit, but the state operator’s rural mandate makes it a natural anchor user of satellite backhaul for 4G/5G expansion and disaster resilience. BSNL’s integration with domestically built RAN and core solutions can also accelerate vendor localization across the satcom stack, including gateways and network management.

What to Watch and How to Prepare for Satcom

With the policy window opening, operators and enterprises should align commercial, technical, and compliance plans to move early.

Action Plan for Mobile Operators and ISPs

• Lock in multi-year capacity and gateway access with LEO/GEO partners, with flexible ramp clauses.
• Integrate NTN into the 5G core (policy, charging, slicing) to treat satellite as a seamless access path for backhaul and enterprise VPNs.
• Prioritize aviation, maritime, government, and remote enterprise verticals; build standardized SLAs for latency, jitter, and failover.
• Enable device and CPE roadmaps with vendors for NTN-capable modules and FWA terminals; plan for customer support and field ops at scale.

Action Plan for Enterprises and Public Sector Buyers

• Design hybrid networks that combine terrestrial and satellite under a unified SD-WAN and security posture.
• Pilot critical sites first: mines, rigs, depots, rural retail, and mobile units; benchmark provider SLAs and total cost of ownership.
• Prepare for compliance: data routing, lawful interception, and site approvals for terminals and gateways.

Key Milestones and Risks

• TRAI’s pricing order and DoT implementation guidelines; spectrum fee clarity is the main gating item.
• Gateway rollout timelines, landing rights approvals, and import clearances for terminals and antennas.
• Ecosystem readiness for NTN features in devices and cores; risk of delays in chipset or firmware support.
• Pricing risk: if spectrum and satellite usage fees are set too high, adoption will skew to niche segments and slow nationwide impact.