India’s spectrum sharing rules: what’s changing and why it matters

The Indian government has floated draft rules that refine how mobile operators can share spectrum, aiming to boost spectral efficiency and accelerate 5G expansion under the new telecommunications regulatory framework.

The core shift: codified spectrum sharing guardrails

The draft rules seek to formalize spectrum sharing under the new regime, giving operators a clearer pathway to pool or share spectrum holdings while ensuring compliance with license conditions. In practical terms, telcos would gain a more predictable mechanism to use underutilized spectrum, improve coverage, and optimize capacity without always resorting to new auctions or heavy capex. The proposal also harmonizes sharing with adjacent constructs such as trading and leasing, reducing ambiguity over how agreements should be structured and governed under the post-Act rules.

Scope and constraints: same-band, same-circle, compliance-first

While the final text will matter, the government’s intent aligns with established policy principles: sharing typically occurs within the same frequency band and within the same Licensed Service Area (LSA, or “circle”), with obligations such as lawful interception, quality of service, and rollout targets remaining intact. Clarity on interference management, spectrum caps, and notification versus approval workflows is central to the proposal, balancing flexibility for operators with safeguards for competition and service quality.

How spectrum sharing fits India’s new telecom framework

The update dovetails with India’s broader move to a streamlined, authorization-led telecom regime, in which spectrum assignment, renewal, and secondary markets are being modernized. By codifying sharing under the new rules, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) signals continuity with past policy—where sharing, trading, and leasing were permitted on defined terms—while enabling faster 5G densification and better utilization of assets across bands like 700 MHz, 1800/2100 MHz, and 3.5 GHz.

Why this matters now for India’s 5G rollout

The proposal arrives as operators face simultaneous demands for rural coverage, urban capacity, and enterprise-grade 5G, all under tight capex and competitive pressures.

Closing 5G coverage and capacity gaps cost-effectively

Spectrum sharing can speed up broader 5G coverage, especially in sub-GHz bands where propagation is superior for semi-urban and rural geographies. In cities, sharing mid-band holdings can relieve congestion without immediate greenfield expansion. For Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea, and BSNL, the ability to leverage shared carriers offers a pragmatic lever to meet coverage obligations and service expectations with fewer delays.

Capex discipline under tight balance sheets

India’s market remains price-sensitive, and sustained 5G monetization is still forming. Sharing lets operators defer some site builds, sweat assets harder, and direct scarce capital toward high-return areas like fiber backhaul, edge compute, or differentiated enterprise services. Vendors also benefit, as simplified sharing models can unlock faster deployment cycles for RAN software features such as carrier aggregation and DSS.

Enabling enterprise 5G and private networks

Enterprises increasingly seek deterministic performance for industrial IoT, video analytics, and automation. A more flexible sharing framework, aligned with trading and leasing, can make it easier for telcos to offer dedicated slices or shared carriers to large campuses and mid-market factories. This expands the addressable market for private 5G delivered via operator spectrum, consistent with India’s policy preference for telco-led enterprise connectivity.

Strategic implications for telcos and vendors

The draft rules carry operational and commercial consequences that demand coordinated planning across network, legal, and finance teams.

RAN design: MOCN vs MORAN and interference control

Operators should revisit network-sharing models—MORAN for passive/active RAN elements and MOCN for shared carriers—while ensuring RF plans, power limits, and synchronization avoid harmful interference. Tight engineering across sub-GHz and mid-band cells, and smart use of massive MIMO and beamforming, are essential to preserve user experience across shared layers.

Spectrum strategy: refarming and band combinations

Refarming legacy 3G/4G channels, tuning carrier aggregation combos, and planning for 26 GHz mmWave or 6 GHz mid-band will hinge on how the final rules treat sharing versus trading/leasing. Portfolio models should analyze traffic steering, QoS tiers, and cost-per-bit under multiple sharing scenarios across LSAs.

Commercial models: wholesale, SLAs, and co-opetition

Sharing transforms rivals into partners in select geographies. That requires robust SLAs, performance metrics, and dispute mechanisms. Pricing should reflect time-of-day traffic profiles, capacity tiers, and restoration priorities, with clear separation between consumer services and enterprise-grade commitments.

Regulatory hygiene: compliance is non-negotiable

Operators must ensure that lawful interception, emergency services, and service quality benchmarks remain uncompromised on shared carriers. Shared-spectrum operations should be mapped cleanly into OSS/BSS, spectrum accounting, and audit trails, with transparent reporting to DoT and alignment with TRAI guidance.

What to watch as rules near finalization

Execution details will determine the operational and financial impact of the proposed sharing framework.

Final wording on approvals, spectrum caps, and fees

Key variables include whether sharing requires advance approval or formal notification, how shared holdings count toward spectrum caps, and treatment of associated fees under the new regime. These will shape the economics for both nationwide and circle-specific arrangements.

Timelines, transitions, and legacy contracts

Clarity on transition rules for existing sharing or leasing agreements, lock-in periods, and renewal mechanics will be critical to avoid service disruption and to synchronize network plans with fiscal cycles.

Auction impacts: 700 MHz, 3.5 GHz, and beyond

Sharing can change auction dynamics by moderating demand in specific bands or circles. Watch how upcoming spectrum supply—potentially including more 3.5 GHz, 26 GHz, and mid-band 6 GHz for IMT—interacts with operators’ willingness to share versus buy.

Industry alignment and early pilots to watch

Signals from COAI and major operators, plus early MOUs or pilot sharing agreements, will indicate how quickly the market intends to use the framework and where the first hotspots of cooperation will emerge.

Actions for telecom leaders now

Proactive planning can turn regulatory flexibility into competitive advantage as the rules are finalized.

Run multi-scenario spectrum and ROI models

Model traffic, cost-per-bit, and payback across solo, sharing, and leasing options by LSA; stress-test assumptions for urban densification and rural rollout obligations.

Prepare the network stack for shared carriers

Audit RAN and core capabilities for MOCN, DSS, slicing, and observability, and ensure OSS/BSS can meter, rate, and settle shared-capacity usage at granular levels.

Standardize contracting and governance

Develop template agreements with SLAs, performance KPIs, security controls, and exit clauses; establish joint operating committees and playbooks for change management and fault resolution.

Pursue enterprise use cases with partners

Package shared-spectrum options into campus connectivity offers, with edge compute and managed security, targeting industries like manufacturing, logistics, and utilities where deterministic 5G can displace Wi-Fi or private LTE.

Bottom line: India’s proposed spectrum sharing rule is a practical lever to stretch scarce assets further, speed 5G coverage, and enable new enterprise models—provided operators execute with engineering rigor, transparent governance, and disciplined commercial structures.