Latvia’s 5G becomes a GNSS-powered real-time weather sensor grid

Skyfora and LMT demonstrated a real-time, kilometer-scale GNSS meteorology grid running on LMT’s 5G network at NATO’s Digital Backbone Experimentation (DiBaX), signaling a new class of “network-as-a-sensor” capability for Europe.

NATO DiBaX: real-time 5G GNSS weather demo

At DiBaX in Latvia, LMT’s 5G sites equipped with Skyfora’s Weather Engine streamed continuous atmospheric measurements derived from small, measurable delays in GNSS signals as they traverse humid air. The result was a rapid-update observation grid delivering near real-time insights into the evolution of storms, extreme rainfall, flood risk, and heat stress across large areas, without deploying new physical weather stations.

How GNSS signal delay makes 5G towers humidity sensors

GNSS meteorology infers atmospheric water vapor by analyzing how the atmosphere slows satellite signals from constellations like GPS and Galileo. With software running at or near 5G locations that already host GNSS receivers, operators can extract high-precision humidity proxies and build dense observation networks. Because towers are everywhere—and already powered, connected, and time-synchronized—this approach yields kilometer-scale updates at useful cadence for nowcasting and operational decision-making.

Why 5G GNSS weather sensing matters for telecom and government

Turning 5G sites into weather sensors creates dual-use value for defense, civil protection, and the energy economy while opening a new data-as-a-service revenue stream for operators.

Network-as-a-sensor and telecom monetization

Telecom networks host pervasive infrastructure, grid power, and secure backhaul—an ideal substrate for high-frequency sensing. A software-led upgrade that converts existing GNSS receivers into atmospheric sensors is OPEX-light and instantly federates thousands of “virtual weather stations.” Operators can package this as real-time data services for governments, insurers, mobility providers, and energy traders, with clear SLAs around latency, availability, and accuracy.

Dual-use value for defense, civil protection, and energy

Defense users gain finer-grained situational awareness for mission planning, logistics, and force protection in rapidly changing weather. Emergency services and city managers can trigger earlier, geo-precise alerts for flash floods and heat stress, improving response. Energy participants benefit from sharper short-term forecasts for solar, wind, and load—supporting trading desks, DER operators, and TSO/DSO grid balancing under volatility.

AI-driven nowcasting readiness

High-density, real-time humidity observations are a missing ingredient in AI-driven nowcasting and next-generation numerical weather prediction. By feeding continuous, quality-controlled data into machine learning models, operators and national meteorological partners can meaningfully improve sub-hour forecasts, bridging the gap between radar/satellite observations and physics models.

Technical considerations and challenges for national rollout

To scale from a successful demo to national service, operators and partners must address calibration, latency, resilience, security, and data integration.

Calibration, validation, and QA/QC

GNSS-derived water vapor must be bias-corrected and validated against trusted references such as radiosondes, microwave radiometers, and radar. Tower metadata—antenna heights, surroundings, and multipath conditions—needs cataloging to account for urban canyons and reflective environments. Continuous QA/QC and automated outlier detection are essential to maintain trustworthy feeds for mission-critical users.

Timing, synchronization, and end-to-end latency

Precise timing underpins GNSS meteorology; operators should ensure robust synchronization across sites and consistent sampling cadence. Edge processing near 5G locations reduces backhaul load and improves time-to-insight, while cloud aggregation harmonizes feeds into national grids. End-to-end latency targets should match use cases: seconds for emergency nowcasting, tens of seconds for grid operations, and minutes for broad situational awareness.

Resilience and GNSS security

GNSS jamming and spoofing are real risks in both civil and defense contexts. Mitigations include multi-constellation reception, signal integrity checks, cross-sensor consistency tests, and fallback estimation using nearby towers and other data sources. Operators should plan for power and backhaul redundancy so weather sensing stays online during severe events—precisely when it is most needed.

Data standards and integration with meteorological systems

To drive adoption, outputs should align with established meteorological formats and exchange practices so national weather services, defense C2 systems, and public-safety platforms can ingest them easily. APIs that expose confidence scores, coverage maps, and latency metrics help downstream users operationalize the data in planning tools, GIS systems, and AI pipelines.

Deployment blueprint for 5G operators

A pragmatic rollout combines targeted pilots, a scalable architecture, and clear commercial constructs with public and private buyers.

Pilot regions and KPIs

Begin with a region that blends urban, peri-urban, and coastal or riverine risk to test performance under varied conditions. Define KPIs up front: spatial density (km grid), end-to-end latency, uptime during severe weather, accuracy against reference sensors, and improvement in nowcast skill scores. Involve emergency services, grid operators, and defense stakeholders early to validate operational value.

Edge-to-cloud architecture and integration

Deploy Skyfora’s software layer at the edge for preprocessing and in the cloud for aggregation and AI model interfaces. Integrate with operator observability tools for health monitoring and with exposure APIs to publish weather intelligence to enterprise customers. Ensure data governance and sovereignty requirements are met, including hosting and retention policies for public-sector buyers.

Commercial models and public–private partnerships

Monetization options include tiered data subscriptions, event-based alerts, and co-developed services with insurers, logistics firms, and utilities. Partner with national meteorological services to fuse GNSS humidity with radar, satellite, and rain gauge networks; this collaboration enhances public safety while enabling premium value-added products for industry.

What’s next: scaling and standardization

The Latvian pilot is a credible template for national deployment, and the next phase will test scale, interoperability, and cross-border value.

Scaling to national coverage and cross-border data sharing

Expect rapid expansion across Latvia and potential federation with neighboring countries to create regional grids that improve model performance and resilience against localized outages. Harmonized data-sharing agreements will be key for defense and civil protection.

Standardization, procurement, and funding

Watch for procurement frameworks from defense and public-safety agencies that formalize requirements for latency, accuracy, and uptime. Engagement with European data and resilience initiatives could accelerate funding and interoperability.

Complementary sensors and multi-source fusion

GNSS meteorology complements cellular microwave link attenuation data, radar, satellite nowcasting, and IoT ground sensors. Multi-source fusion will deliver the most robust situational awareness, especially for convective storms and flood onset where minutes matter.

Bottom line: Skyfora and LMT have shown that 5G infrastructure can be more than connectivity—it can be a national sensor fabric delivering real-time weather intelligence at operational scale, with direct implications for defense readiness, climate resilience, and telecom data monetization.